Deductions vs. Credits

In order to understand individual income taxes, it is important to have a clear understanding of deductions and credits.  As one works to take advantage of deductions and credits to reduce one's tax liability, it is important to know how each impacts the amount of tax one will owe.  

Explaining deductions & credits:

Deductions

Deductions can be in the form of adjustments or itemized deductions.  Examples of deductions include:

Schedule 1 Deductions

• IRA Contributions
• SEP IRA Contributions - Small Business Retirement Plans
• Educator Expenses
• Health Savings Account Contributions
• Self-Employed Health Insurance Premiums
• Student Loan Interest Deduction

Schedule 1-A Deductions

• Qualified Tips Received
• Qualified Overtime Received
• Enhanced Deduction for Seniors

Form 8895 Deduction

• Qualified Business Deduction for Small Businesses

Itemized Deductions (used when greater than the standard deduction based on filing status)

• Medical Expenses (in excess of 7.5% of Adjusted Gross Income)
• State and Local Taxes (SALT) - up to $40,400 (2026)
• Mortgage Interest
• Charitable Contributions

All of these categories of tax deductions provide significant savings to taxpayers.  Here is an example of the tax savings from a deductible expense:

Assuming a taxpayer is in the 22% tax bracket (based on one's taxable income). The taxpayer makes a deductible IRA contribution for the year.  His savings would be:

                                       $8000    IRA Deduction

                                            .22    Marginal tax rate

                                      ______

                                       $1760   Tax Savings

Total savings from qualifying deductions depends on an individual taxpayer's marginal tax bracket.

Credits

Credits reduce one's tax liability on a dollar-for-dollar basis.  This means the amount of the credit is the total tax savings experienced by the taxpayer.  It is not contingent of marginal tax rates.

Types of Credits

• Non-refundable
• Refundable

Non-refundable credits do not reduce one's tax liability below $0.  Refundable credits can reduce a taxpayer's liability to $0 and any excess credit remaining can be received by the taxpayer as part of a refund.

Examples of credits include:

• Child and dependent care credit
• Child care credit
• Education credits
• Adoption credit
• Earned income credit

Here is an example of how a credit would impact a taxpayer's tax liability:

                                 Taxes owed before credits       $4000

                                  Education credit                       2500

                                                                                   _____

                                 Total taxes owed                       1500

The credit reduced the taxes owed.

Understanding how deductions and credits work are an important part of tax planning.  Contact LFC for additional information or help with your tax planning and preparation needs.

Are we double taxed?

It is interesting to hear from taxpayers when a tax is imposed, particularly when it is the result of a gain on investment or sale of a business, that this represents double taxation. This concept is the result of thinking that since income earned had already been taxed before (i.e. wages or salary earned that had been subject to income tax and social security tax), that income should not be taxed again.  But this is not what is happening.

Explanations:

When income is earned through salaries or wages, it is taxed when a tax return is filed.  It will be subject to  tax withholding (income taxes and social security taxes), so a taxpayer is using after-tax income to pay for personal expenses or investing.

If after-tax income is used for investments, and these investments experience capital appreciation, the growth on this investment is taxable if it is recognized (the investment is sold).  The growth on the investment is new income (a new event) and it is taxed (at capital gain rates), not the original investment. The same is true with the sale of a business:  the growth of the business is taxed, not the original investment.

The receipt of social security benefits also confuses people.  One should look at social security taxes that are withheld from paychecks similarly to 401(k) contributions.  These funds are taken out of paychecks, along with an employer match, and benefits are received at retirement.  There is no double taxation because the social security benefits are a new event/new income that was funded by the social security taxes taken out of a person's paycheck over their working life.

It should be understood that events cause taxation.  Earning salaries and wages produces income taxation and the sale of assets creates capital gain taxes.  These are different events and have their own tax consequences.

For more clarity on taxes for individuals and businesses, contact LFC through the Contact Us feature on this blog.

Using Rules in Quickbooks Online

Within Quickbooks Online, a feature to connect to one's bank account can be utilized to help with data entry and bank reconciliations.

Once Quickbooks is connected to the business accounts (bank accounts and credit cards), data from the bank is available to users in a queue.  These transactions within the queue need to be coded properly (coded to the chart of accounts) and saved to the account registers.  This data entry feature helps save time because much of the work is done for the accountant.  

Rules can be set up in Quickbooks that allow transactions to be automatically entered from the bank queue directly to the chart of account register.  The rules are criteria of a transaction that is set up in Quickbooks and when the data comes down from the bank, it will recognize the transaction and can automatically enter it into Quickbooks.  Here is an example:

Bank transaction

from bank queue:             Office Depot purchase                            $50.00

Rule:     Office Depot purchases will be coded to Office supplies and enter the transaction automatically.

Result:   All future Office Depot transactions from the bank queue will be coded to Office Supplies, with no effort from the accountant to record the transaction.

Note:   Rules can work for expenses, deposits/cash receipts of sales, and liability payments to help streamline data entry.

Although rules can work well for some data entry situations, it can cause some problems.  From our example above, Office Depot purchases coded automatically to office supplies may not be correct in some circumstances.  Suppose a purchase at Office Depot is for a computer or office furniture.  These items are assets, not expenses.  But the rule established for Office Depot records everything to Office Supplies.  This means accountants need to be diligent in recording transactions despite the use of rules used within their accounting software.  This requires auditing of transactions and recoding to the chart of accounts if necessary. 

Rules can be a very helpful tool when entering data within an accounting system. However, it is a good idea to monitor the rules setup and determine that they are capturing and recording data property to ensure the financial statements are correct.

LFC can help with Quickbooks Online and the establishment of rules for one's accounting system.  Contact LFC using the contact feature from this blog.

Effective vs. Marginal tax rates

It is important for taxpayers to understand taxes and tax rates as they impact an individual taxpayer's financial life.  The type of tax rates explained here are:

• Effective Rate
• Marginal Rate

The effective rate can be explained as the total tax (tax liability minus credits and other tax adjustments) divided by gross income:

                                              Total Tax Liability

                                              Less Credits & Adjustments

                                              _______________________

                                               Gross Income

This number will tell you what % of taxes you paid on your total income after all credits and adjustments have been accounted for.  It will include total tax liability (income tax and other taxes such as self-employment taxes) to arrive at the effective rate.   This number is good to know for it tells taxpayers what % of their income is consumed by income taxes.

Margin tax rates are described as the rate of tax you are assessed upon earning an additional dollar of income.  The current code (2025) has the following tax rates:

10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%

These rates are assessed on taxable income.  This is the total income on the tax return after adjustments and itemized deductions (or standard deduction). 

For an example of how the marginal rates work, let's look at a married filing jointly taxpayer (2025 brackets):

Income range                                 Tax Bracket

0  to  23,850                                           10%

23,851  to  96,950                                  12%

96,951  to  206,700                                22%

206,701  to  394,600                              24%

394,601  to  501,050                              32%

501,051  to  751,600                              35%

751,601  and over                                  37%

Each bracket represents an income range which is taxed at the given rate. At the higher income levels, income is taxed at a higher rate.  The result is income taxed at various rates as one goes up the income scale based on one's taxable income on the income tax return.

Keep in mind, knowing one's marginal tax rate is important not only for its impact on income earned (i.e. next dollar earned would be tax at the marginal tax rate), but this applies to deductable expenses as well:  if one is in the 24% rate bracket, you will save $24 in taxes for each additional $100 deduction.

LFC provides tax services to individuals and small businesses.  Contact the LFC office for assistance via Contact Us on this blog.

Independent Contractors vs. Employees

 Many businesses hire independent contractors to fulfill work they need done rather than hire someone as an employee.  Plus, they may need the workers for a short-term basis, depending on the industry. Businesses may also use independent contractors to obtain a specific skills for which they do not currently have from their staff.  

Whatever the purpose for the use of independent contractors, independent contractors provide businesses with the opportunity to obtain flexible labor and expertise when they need it.

Despite the positive aspects of independent contractor labor, the IRS has some specific guidelines businesses must be aware of when hiring such individuals. Misclassifying someone as independent can become costly for an employer.  Information from the IRS can be obtained here.

In general, the key indicator as to whether someone is an employee vs. an independent is the amount of control the employer places over an individual to perform the work.  There are other factors to consider, but control of the end result is extremely important to assess so as not to misclassify the relationship.

The two forms of control the IRS will look at to determine the nature of the business relationship are:

• Financial Control
• Behavioral Control

Financial control can be described in simple terms as does the individual contractor have a financial interest in the endeavor, that is, do they have anything invested in the process besides their time (equipment, etc) and would they recognize a profit or loss from the activity.  

Behavioral control would include a business dictating how something is to be done, when someone needs to come in to work, and  where the work is to be performed.

Proper evaluation of an employee/independent contractor situation before making the decision to bring someone on board is vitally important. Assessing whether someone is an employee or independent contractor can be difficult to determine.  LFC can help with these assessments.  Contact LFC to discuss work classifications for your business.